Wound healing progresses through four overlapping stages: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation (new tissue formation), and remodelling. Each stage has distinct nutritional dependencies.
Protein is the most critical nutrient. Target 1.2–1.5 g/kg body weight per day during active healing (higher for large wounds, pressure injuries, or post-surgery); protein provides amino acids for collagen synthesis and immune cell production. Malnourished patients are at dramatically higher risk of poor wound outcomes.
Vitamin C is a co-factor for collagen synthesis and immune function. Deficiency — still seen in elderly, food-insecure, or post-surgical patients — significantly impairs healing. Most people eating a normal diet have adequate levels; targeted supplementation is indicated where deficiency is likely.
Zinc supports cell proliferation and immune defence. Deficiency (more common in IBD, malabsorption, and older adults) impairs healing. Routine high-dose zinc supplementation in people with adequate zinc status does not accelerate healing and can inhibit copper absorption.
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is increasingly depleted during surgery and critical illness. Immune-modulating enteral formulae containing arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and nucleotides (commonly called “immunonutrition”) have evidence for benefit in elective major surgery and ICU patients — but should be prescribed clinically, not self-administered.
Energy adequacy matters throughout: a calorie deficit impairs every aspect of healing. Post-surgical or bed-bound patients may have lower activity but elevated metabolic needs from the healing process itself.
Work with a registered dietitian and your surgical or medical team for personalised post-operative or wound care nutrition.