A standard lipid panel measures four values:
Total cholesterol — the sum of all cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood. A high total alone is less informative than the breakdown.
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) — often called “bad” cholesterol because elevated LDL drives atherosclerosis plaque build-up. In most adults, a target below 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL) is considered acceptable; people with established cardiovascular disease or diabetes are often managed to much lower targets.
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) — loosely “good” cholesterol, as higher levels are associated with lower cardiovascular risk. Low HDL (below 1.0 mmol/L in men, 1.2 in women) independently increases risk. Raised by exercise, moderate alcohol (small effect), and unsaturated fats.
Triglycerides — elevated levels (above 1.7 mmol/L) are associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and excess carbohydrate or alcohol intake. Fasting before the test gives a more reliable reading.
The test is typically ordered as part of a cardiovascular risk assessment, and results should be interpreted in context of your full clinical picture. Diet can meaningfully influence all four values — discuss targets and dietary strategy with your clinician and dietitian.